How Do Stereotypes Impact On Teenagers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1820 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Today’s youth have been told ever since they were very young that teenagers are violent, rude, and compulsive. Young children are still very reliant on adults which creates a deep trust to form between them and a need to conform to those adults’ view of the world. Therefore, when they are exposed to negative teenage stereotypes by adults around them or the media, they can easily accept it as a fact. Thus, when those children become teenagers, they are more likely to feel the need to conform to the stereotypes. Teens can be very strong, powerful activists and problem solvers. However, constantly putting them down for not having anything worthwhile to say is a loss to society. These stereotypes did not rest well with many teenagers throughout the country. â€Å"One youth from Montreal, aged 15, sums up the feelings of many teens: ‘Today’s youths are intelligent but some adults don’t seem to think so. We are people too. Youths are discriminated against and that’s not right. To get through to young people, you have to listen to them, trust them, and respect them. The way I look and the music I listen to does not make me a â€Å"bad† person. I am my own person.’ (E., 2011).† Through this, she implies that she had been looked down upon by others due to the way she presents herself and her physical appearance. This is an example of a situation where assumptions are being made before even getting to know anything about her. In addition, the mere fact that this girl decided to speak up against a flaw in our society in an effort to spread awareness about this topic displays a higher maturity than what she claims is expected of her. Thus, this girl, along with many, many more, is an example of a mature individual who commands respect. However, these negative stereotypes cause them to feel bad about who they are as people which is unacceptable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Do Stereotypes Impact On Teenagers?" essay for you Create order Many teens try to break these stereotypes by being very conscience of where they go and what they do in public. According to Shanyang Zhao, a professor of sociology at Temple University, â€Å"Through both verbal and nonverbal behaviors, others convey to us, either purposefully or unwittingly, their appraisals of our self-presentations, which in turn shape how we view ourselves (Zhao, 2005).† This illustrates how people express how they feel about someone through nonverbal, and thus socially acceptable manners. This causes teens to become more conscious of what they do in public and how their actions may be perceived. For example, they won’t look at their phone in public or steer clear of typical teenage hangout spots. They have no choice but to put all that effort in in order to be given the same respect as any adult receives automatically. Teenagers who suffer from being stereotyped based on their race and age, remain affected negatively today both socially and health wise. Racial Stereotyping One form of stereotyping that affects teens is stereotyping based on their race. Each race comes with its own set of different stereotypes. For example, some of these stereotypes include not being intellectual or hardworking. This is extremely difficult for people to experience because it is making them feel bad about something they can not change and have no control over. Ones race is part of their identity; who they are or who they choose to be, meaning, other people’s perception of one’s race is their perception of an aspect of who that specific individual is. This can stay with someone for their whole life because it will cause them to devalue themselves if they buy into the stereotype. Therefore, expressing one’s negative perception of who someone is, not only is insulting the person, but also making them feel bad about their own identity. According to Corey Columb, a professor in the psychology department at Prairie View AM University, states, â€Å"Across two studies we examined whether exposure to Obama, a positive and counter-stereotypic exemplar, reduced implicit anti-Black evaluative bias and racial stereotyping. Additionally, we evaluated whether reactions to exposure to Obama were moderated by people’s explicit feelings about Obama or their perceptions of his stereotypicality. In Study 2, we extended our scope to evaluate whether a positive but stereotypic Black exemplar, Kobe Bryant, had similar effects as Obama on implicit responses. We found that exposure to either Bryant or Obama, following exposure to negative Black exemplars, caused a reduction in implicit anti-Black evaluative bias and racial stereotyping, relative to a control condition.† Through these findings, one can assume that stereotypes are made based on the type of information a person is presented with about a certain group of peo ple. In addition, we can assume that people start to destroy these negative stereotypes about different races when they receive information and learn more from interracial influencers who shed light on the positive aspects of a certain racial group. Social Lense Negative stereotyping occurs when people who do not have experiences with or are not exposed to a certain group of people in their daily lives are shown that group of people in a negative light; usually through means of media. Through that, assumptions are formed, not necessarily based on fact but on media portrayals. The stimulus material, Attitude Towards Muslim Women in the West offers one example of how people are affected by stereotyping and prejudice. This particular passage discusses how the western world viewed muslim women based on media portrayals and the actions of a radical minority. This can be compared to the stereotyping of teenagers, although teens would likely be more dramatically affected. This is because of the emotional and psychological changes they experience at that age. It leads to a stage of insecurity and constant self awareness, making them more reliant on others’ approval as validation. Much like what Corey Columb previously discussed, the journal o f social cognition states, â€Å"African Americans’ self-concept is susceptible to pervasive cultural stereotypes. However, exposure to in-group exemplars such as Barack Obama as a prominent, admired African American may be accessible enough to attenuate the detrimental effects of stereotypes. In two experiments, African-American adolescent and adult†¦ participants were provided with information about outstanding successes and societal contributions of Obama as a single in-group exemplar or multiple in-group exemplars Then, participants reported the extent to which they associated their self-concept with stereotypes. The Pilot Experiment supported an ‘Obama effect’—African-American adolescents exhibited less self-stereotyping after exposure to Obama, when compared to those in a control condition. The Main Experiment demonstrated that exposure to Obama or multiple exemplars yielded less self-stereotyping, but only among strongly identified African Americans. Implications for the importance of role models in combating the effect of stigma on the self-concept are discussed (Rivera, 2016).† This demonstrates how teenagers stereotype themselves less often when they have a role model who challenges stereotypes that they suffer from. This can give teenagers more confidence which can help them overcome social anxiety and overall have a better, more positive outlook on life. This could help them succeed in their daily lives simply because they believe they can. Mental Health Mental health has been known to affects one’s physical and emotional wellbeing. When someone believes something to be true, they will change to accommodate it. This process may not necessarily be an intentional transition but it occurs subconsciously nonetheless. This is what happens when teens begin to believe the stereotypes being imposed on them. This leads to a lower self esteem and can lead to the development of things like anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. These have become very prominent in our present day society. According to Mental Health America (MHA), 13.2 percent of the United States population identifies as black or african american and 16 percent of that group of people has been diagnosed with a mental illness in the past year alone. From this statistic, one can clearly see that mental health is a very prominent issue. Having that many people being affected within a specific race can lead to the assumption that that common factor is more than just a coi ncidence. According to Erin M. Rodriguez, a psychologist, â€Å"Externalizing problems during adolescence interfere with positive development and increase risk for other mental health problems, such as depression Strong interpersonal skills and positive parenting reduce risk for depression†¦ and strong interpersonal skills may be especially protective in the context of high levels of externalizing problems by counteracting other risks conferred by externalizing problems (Rodriguez, 2015).† Much like what Zhao stated, Rodriguez discusses how outside influences can have an effect on teens and specifically how their mental health can be negatively affected. On the other hand, positive outside influences such as the ones Rodriguez mentions, can make teens less prone to depression. These positive influences do not necessarily have to be about the fact that they are teens but can be associated with any aspect of their identity. Teens can experience a boost in self esteem and ultimately i mprove their mental health and lead better, more positive lives. Conclusion One solution to this issue is to create a supportive environment with one’s peers. Gathering a group of friends or classmates that one is comfortable with is very important. These people would be about the same age, and therefore, going through similar problems they can relate to each other on. This creates a form of support group where teenagers can find comfort and acceptance in their personal lives. However, a limitation to this is that not all people would be as supportive as others. An implication to this solution is that the group of teenagers’ frustration with being stereotyped can mold their ‘support’ group into a group where resentment lingers towards those who stereotyped them. Another solution is to promote self empowerment movements on social media. This would be very effective because social media is a platform where positive thinking and reassurance can thrive. It is also very convenient due to the constantly developing technology that has made it possible to access social media almost anywhere. Through self empowerment movements, teens can find people outside their personal circle who are experiencing similar things and support each other. Having someone you do not know on your side can be very endearing to many people. This is because having an unbiased source tell them that it is not their fault can be much more relieving than someone they know and can not necessarily tell if they are just trying to make them feel better. A limitation to this solution is that promotions would cost money. An implication to this solution is that an excess of self pride my reach a point where it is perceived as arrogance. This can lead to the opposite extreme where they may bring others down; beginning the cycle all over again. Thus, teenagers are facing ageist and racial stereotyping that is negatively affecting their mental health and social abilities.

The Mystery of the JFK Assassination - 744 Words

The Mystery of the JFK assassination The assassination of JFK affected the lives of many that were alive during his presidency and forever impacted history. His assassination is shrouded in mystery, and to this day no one knows exactly what happened. He was the youngest elected president, and the youngest president to die in office (The White House) JFK was a civil rights activist, because this was well known he had made enemies with many southerners in that time period. Despite these enemies JFK had made clear he wanted to campaign in Florida and Texas, as he knew that not winning those states could flip the tables on him. His wife would be with him, making her first display in public for more than is needed since the death of her baby†¦show more content†¦To add on to all of these factors, Dallas was nicknamed the City of Hate (Kallen, 16) due to how much they hated him. Despite the nickname, the crowd loved Kennedy, but it comes as no surprise that the assassination would take place in Dallas. The most accep ted theory on which assassin it really was is that he was Lee Harvey Oswald. In addition, on Saturday November 23 the FBI announced that the rough fingerprints they found on the Mannlicher-Carcano were insufficient for the purposes of†¦ identification†¦ [and] were of no value. On November 29, however, the FBI announced that it had found a palm print on the rifle. (Kallen, 52) Oswalds purchase history showed he had purchased a Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, yet again; there is no proof that he had used the rifle to kill the president. Oswald makes a likely suspect for an assassin of Kennedy because he defected to the Soviet Union in 1957, and came back to America in 1959 with a Russian wife and communist sympathies. Some believe Oswald was framed; people would call themselves Oswald and give him a bad name. 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Constitutional Reform Since 1997 free essay sample

Labour’s first major reform to the UK constitution was the introduction of the Human Rights Act (1998). This act has safeguarded rights such as the right to life and the right to a fair trial. Prior to this act, our human rights were just included in common law, which can be easily changed. And so, this constitutional reform was a major step forward. However, this reform was incomplete as a new bill of rights and duties was proposed, but no legislation was put forward by the Government. And so, it can be seen that although there was a change to the UK constitution, the lack of an entrenched bill of human rights shows that the reform did not go far enough. In 1999 Labour reformed the House of Lords; Labour removed 600 hereditary peers and reduced it to only 92 hereditary Lords in the House of Lords. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitutional Reform Since 1997 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the labor government did propose a system of â€Å"elected peers†, where the public could choose peers to sit in the House of Lords. This proposal was never fully implemented into the UK constitution. Until this proposal is full entrenched it is argued that the Lords are not democratically legitimate as all policy making institutions must have legitimacy. Therefore, there is much that can be done towards constitutional reform. Another one of Labour’s reforms to the UK was the devolution act. In Labour’s manifesto they said that they would address the issues of devolution and making the country more democratic. When Labour got into office they did address this issue by hold two referendums on Scottish devolution and Welsh devolution. 74. % of Scottish voters voted yes for a Scottish a parliament, 50. 3% of Welsh voters voted for a Welsh assembly. Labors reform dose show aspects of reform to the UK constitution by decentralizing power from Westminster. However it can be argued that the reform did not go far enough, the devolved assemblies, are given different powers in different regions as chosen by parliament. Also, there is a level of subsidiary in the assemblies, as Parliament is still ultimately sovereign, it can repeal the devolution acts; Scotland Act 1998, Wales Act 1998. There is also concern with the power that devolved assemblies have over passing bills which do not affect their constituents. Therefore, it is clear that much more can be done for constitutional reform. In 2000 Labour reformed the UK constitution again by introducing the Freedom of Information Act, it gave citizens greater power to view information that they wished to view, it also allowed Parliament and the media to achieve greater access to official papers and reports. The Freedom of Information Act also gave government a more democratic political system (like with devolution). However it can be argued that the constitutional reform did not go far enough, parliament still have the right to object requests to view documents that people wish to view. In conclusion it can be argued that constitutional reform since 1997 has not gone far enough. Much more can be done to renew the UK’s constitutions. For example the matter of the constitution being un-codified could be addressed, and the reaming proposal of â€Å"elected Lords†. Society is forever changing; therefore more needs to be addressed and modernized with the UK constitution.

Digital Resolution for Income Inequality - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theDigital Resolution for Income Inequality. Anwer: Introduction The growing industry in the terms of technology in todays time is the IT and telecom, these are plausible confront with the coercion level of obsolescence. The government association have gone through the competition levels of the cast list and opted for the need of a better competition norms and providing protection for the property chattels for the players. The need for the IT and telecommunication troupe has been highlighted by industry consolidation in order to go over through the strategies as well the produce portfolio for evaluation as well get the advantage of a viable business amalgamation in the firm. It is vital to start up a cutthroat rim for the cast for optimizing the usage of their pioneering expertise. Scope and Studies of Telecommunication IT industries scope handles out broad assortments of examining for the business players and also the advertising researches as well the information needed for the industry. Scope has proposed the following: Dispense the meticulous consumers as well the entrant intellect reports and also the market report of B2B for different firms. Examined over the developments required at industrial province in a way to offer the analysis over autonomous companies. Illustration over the works It has embarked on the tactical commerce outline intended for the span of ranges pro Information Technology and telecommunication sectors amid the shove at returns halt scrutiny. Subsists closer on the enduring trajectory over the commercial go through inside Information Technology and telecommunication zone as the merging of concessions, launching of latest products as well the dictatorial officials for identification as well analyzing the changeable progress which ought to make an advantage in the coming years. The studies are accessible from manifest as well to the firms standpoint. The latest technologies with exotic facet i.e. the uniqueness, aptitude, personalize quality and the compliance will surefire the telecom usage in the coming era. The Growth of Telecom Souk The current scenario of the 2016 telecom industry was rated up to $42 billion. Eventually the market is at its moribund state of the low rates over the line services and the cell phone tone overhauled due to the neck to neck competitors. Therefore the chances coerce the profit rates I the commercial sector as well the customer segments have a boundary line at the cell phone refits. The profits over the landlines i.e. the public booth system also turns to be waning. People are working over the cell phones rather than the landline. Populaces are also in the touch with the internet calling system. The falling of traffic at the local line phone booth has made up the way for the cell phone handset at the marketplace. The range of the cell phone traffic has made an incensement over the returns for the supplier. In the course of being the leading supply funds for the voice calling soon it would overhaul by the cell phone information proceeds. In the coming era the tone traffic would be facts package with the newest technologies. The process of business could be defined though the course of commerce actions. Every process represents as a liberated element which renovate the inserted information into identical or depicts the diverse form of output to this it could be associated to added courses. In order to value out as well to perk up the trade progression one should inspect on the alteration of the entered data as well the data received. The transformation of the business characterization is done through the important fundamentals which are the data entered and the received information, current components, the system of actions as well the memory, assets and sequential arrangement of every procedure. A business course should be taken up as a proven stipulation in a way to access it as well for the improvement of the firms procedure. In order to evaluate up the business progression the monetary, the exterior and interior proceedings are viewed upon. With the monetary proceedings one got to cover up the route of differences flanked by the funds given out to the consumer to the rates of production and the deliverance of the manufactured goods. The exterior terms up the anticipations of the customer over the detailing of the product that includes the price rates, responding instant, the ranges of the product and many more to satisfy the customer needs. The telecom firms are scoping up to the adaptation of e-TOM strategy for the better management of business. E-TOM is a procedure that classifies the foremost route for the business over telecommunication overhaul. The meticulous potency for the e-TOM service as a firms course structure is being a division of NGOSS. Commotion E-TOM has made up its as well improved the chart of TM telecommunication. A revelation is placed up inclining the engineering in order to embellish as a flourishing administration endeavor with the execution of a leveled business procedure. The procedure talks up the incorporation of the essential hold up arrangement which is in concern with the once-over deliverance as well the maintenance go through. The main alignments of the e-TOM structure is to work up on the commerce proceedings which are in-contacted with the service source, the connections which withholds the proceedings, identifying the edge as well the needs of consumers, the services, possessions, purveyor as well the important sequential via various proceedings. With the wide spread venture echelons, e-TOM structure give the firm proceedings outline with hierarchical construction over the configuration of business layout. E-TOM is the best way to be taken up for the study of the ventures ongoing process as well the management of new tactics for the betterment of the organization. The advantage of e-TOM is that the structure of e-TOM makes out the delivery of identical proceedings by diverse operating, the duplicity could be eradicated, divulge the gaps, pace up the latest course of propose as well the reduction of the discrepancy. The worth, rate as well the presentation of an entity proceeding of a firm could be evaluated with e-TOM. References Samaan (2008)."The Effect of Income Inequality on Mobile Phone Penetration". Boston University Honors thesis. Rller, L.Hendrik; Leonard Waverman (2006). "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach. Qiang, Rossotto (2010). Economic impact of broadband. Riaz, Ali (2007). "The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis. Stelter (2009)."Changeover to Digital TV Off to a Smooth Start".New York Times. Wyatt, Edward (2014)."Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules".New York Times.

HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS Essays - TennesseeTombigbee Waterway

HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS A connecting link between the two rivers was considered by the French explorer to be needed if the French were successful in settling this region of the south. In 1810, the citizens of Knox County, Tennessee (current location of Knoxville) petitioned the U.S. Congress to build the waterway that would shorten the distance by more than 800 miles for trade with New Orleans, Mobile and other ports along the Gulf of Mexico. Shortly after Alabama joined the union in 1819, the state hired an engineer to survey its rivers, including a possible connection with the Tennessee River. From the early 1800's to about 1910, paddle driven steamboats plied the free flowing Tombigbee River carrying passengers and goods as far north as Amory, Mississippi and returning with tottering stacks of cotton bales, logs and other commodities. These vessels could operate only during those times of the year when river stages were high. Many sank or were destroyed by boiler explosions and fires but the arrival of the iron horse brought the end to this era. The first engineering investigation of the waterway was during the Grant Administration in 1874-75. The study concluded that the U.S. Corps of Engineers could build such a project that included a total of 43 locks and a channel four feet deep; but, its commercial limitations made it impractical. Another investigation of the project was conducted in 1913. This study proposed a waterway with a six -foot channel and a total of 65 low lift locks. Congress, however, found its cost to be prohibitive and shelved the project.Other studies were conducted by the Corps in 1923, 1935, 1938 and 1945 that eventually led to congressional approval of the waterway in 1946. The development of the Tennessee River by TVA, especially the construction of the Pickwick Lock and Dam in 1938, help decrease Tenn-Tom's costs and increase its benefits. Strong opposition from key members of the Congress from other regions of the nation and from the railroad industry prevented any further development of the waterw ay until 1968 when President Johnson first budgeted funds to start the project's engineering and design. It is said that President Kennedy had agreed to endorse the Tenn-Tom and had scheduled a meeting with the waterway's congressional leaders to formerly announce his support for its construction but the meeting never occurred because of his tragic and untimely death. As part of his "Southern Strategy" for reelection, President Nixon included $1 million in the Corps of Engineers' 1971 budget to start construction of the Tenn-Tom. On May 25, 1971, the President traveled to Mobile, Alabama, to participate with then Governor George Wallace and other elected officials from four states to symbolically start construction of the long awaited Tennessee-Tombigbee. However, the actual start of construction was delayed until December 1972 because of a lawsuit filed against the waterway by a small group of environmentalists. The federal courts ruled in favor of the project. Immediately after assuming office, President Jimmy Carter announced plans to terminate funding for 19 water resource projects and to study terminating 13 more, including the Tenn-Tom. Over 6500 waterway supporters attended a public hearing held in Columbus, Mississippi on March 29, 1977 as part of Carter's review of the waterway. This overwhelming outpouring of public support for the project led to the President withdrawing his opposition. Later the Carter Administration selected the Tennessee-Tombigbee as a national demonstration program of how large public works projects can favorably impact rural America. During its long history, no President has ever opposed the Tenn-Tom. A second lawsuit was filed by LThe plaintiffs alleged that the Corps had violated the National Environmental Policy Act in designing and building the project and had abused its discretionary authorities in altering the project. This litigation lasted for some 7 years but the federal courts again ruled in favor of the project. After 12 years of construction at a total cost of nearly $2 billion, the Tennessee -Tombigbee Waterway was completed on December 12, 1984, when the last plug of earth was removed from the waterway channel at Amory, Mississippi allowing the long awaited mixing of

Hunter-gather societies Essay Example

Hunter Hunter-gather societies Paper Hunter-gather societies Paper Are there any general features which can be said to characterise hunter-gather societies? To what extent are such societies egalitarian? (2023 words) Abstract This essay will consist of information relevant to answering the title question. So, therefore I will go about explaining the question to the reader in a number of ways; I will first define what a hunter-gather society is and move on from there to explain the general features of these tribes, for a few examples; initiation rights to the different tribes. How tribes hunt, divisions of labour within the tribes and the general features. I will then find through my research if these types of tribes are egalitarian or not. I will also refer to a subject outside this specific module and link Marx and his socialist ideas to explain the other egalitarian side of the essay question. Introduction Hunter-gatherer societies exploit non-domestic and wild food resources. This way of gaining food includes the hunting of large and small game animals, fishing and the collection of various plant foods, food is collected from the immediate environment. The hunter-gatherer catch only as much as they can eat at any one time to avoid problems of storage. Hunter-gatherers typically live as part of a small camp, tribe or band made up of kin. The tribe is generally nomadic and follow the availability of food. It has been found that there is little role specialization, the main division of labour tends to be divided between age and gender, so that the healthy and capable hunt and gather for the old. Typically the men hunt and the women gather. Today barely 30,000 of the worlds population live by hunting and gathering, thats just 0.003% of the worlds population, and are decreasing in numbers, they represent not only our social origins but also account for a huge diversity of different cultural forms. The hunter-gatherer societies belong within a group of whats known as pre-modern societies. Within the pre-modern societies there are two other forms of how communities live outside of modernity, anthropologists have traditionally categorised non-modern societies according to the ways in which food is produced, they are; Pastoral societies and agrarian societies. The pastoral societies also hunt and gather but also keep a herd of animals, for example cattle, camels, horses. The herds supply the tribes with milk, meat and transport. Unlike hunter-gatherer societies this type of society make it possible to accumulate wealth through the animals that they keep and so therefore tend to be nomadic, But on the other hand, this type of society can lead to inequality and therefore be Non-egalitarian. Such societies can be found in places such as the Middle-East, Africa and Asia. Agrarian societies rely largely upon the cultivation of crops as means of food. This therefore provides a very reliable source of food than just going out to hunt, which in turn can support a much larger population of people living in that certain tribe or a society as a whole. On the contrary to Pastoral societies, Agrarian societies are not nomadic due to the growing and storage of crops but this also is a positive point as it enables people living within this certain society to accumulate personal wealth.

Robinson Crusoe (Close reading) REBIRTH AND DELIVERANCE Research Paper

Robinson Crusoe (Close reading) REBIRTH AND DELIVERANCE - Research Paper Example A matter-of-factly attitude attests to much of the aloof charm and consequent pleasurable reading of the book. There are little to no embellishments that make for an almost autobiographical account of it. The reader is acquainted and intimated to the character and all of his struggles and personal conflicts that are revealed in further reading of Daniel Defoe’s classic tale. The theme of cannibalism in the book gives a mental image to the cultural reality that was evident years ago and quite possibly still at play at some remote barbaric villages unheard of. This first appeared in the book when he was offered by some villagers he came across with. â€Å"They offered me some of the flesh, which I declined, pointing out that I would give it them; but made signs for the skin, which they gave me very freely, and brought me a great deal more of their provisions, which, though I did not understand, yet I accepted† (Defoe, p.48). The idea of eating another human being’s flesh is repulsive to say the least. This is something that no normal and civilized person would ever be capacitated to do. This is one of the most stimulating imagery and ultimately reality that Defoe depicted in his telling of the story of â€Å"Robinson Crusoe.† It may not be pleasing by all means but that doesn’t make it untrue. Eating another person whether he is already dead or not would make anyone convulse at the very thought. This is the kind of plot that suspense and horror films are made of. But â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† is neither a suspense thriller nor a horror film, it rings true not just because of the literal connotation it presents but also because of its figurative meaning. Surely there is much barbarity into consuming a person while he was still alive to than when he is already dead. A person who is still filled with emotions and feelings eaten alive by his fellows. Cannibalism is caused by a lack of food

Penguin And Random House Sign Merger Deal Term Paper

Penguin And Random House Sign Merger Deal - Term Paper Example Penguin had revolutionised the publishing industry during the 1930s when it introduced inexpensive and high quality paperbacks. They were sold through various street stores like Woolworths (Penguin Books, 2012). Pearson Plc., which is a global media organisation, is the owner of Penguin Group. Apart from Penguin, Financial Times and Pearson are also included as different business segments of Pearson Plc. It is headquartered at London and was founded in the year 1844 (Yahoo Finance, 2012a). On the other hand, Random House is a privately owned digital publishing house. Various imprints and publishing groups are run by the company worldwide. Random House is actually a subsidiary company of Bertelsmann AG. The company operates its business in various geographical regions of the world like Europe, America, South Africa, and Asia Pacific. The company is headquartered at New York, United States and its employee strength is around 5,343 (Bertelsmann AG, 2012a). The present study entails abou t the detailed analysis of the merger decision between the two global leaders in the books publishing industry, Penguin and Random House. ... also provides financial and business news, analysis, comments and data. Pearson Plc. operates its business activities worldwide through five different business segments. Penguin is one of those five business segments operated by Pearson Plc. Penguin group is responsible for publishing around 4,000 non-fiction and fiction books every year. The books are offered to the consumers in different formats like on screens, paper, and even in audio formats and are meant for readers of all age groups. The range of front list and backlist titles of Penguin group is huge and includes classics, children, literary prize winners, and reference volumes titles. Its business operations are carried out worldwide with the help of many publishing houses located in different nations of the world. Penguin group publishes under some of the reputed imprints of the world like Putnam, Allen Lane, Viking, Berkley, Ladybird, Puffin, Dorling Kindersley, and Harmish Hamilton (Pearson plc, 2012). On the other hand, Random House is a US based multinational organisation which is engaged in the business of publishing general trade books in English language. On an average around 10,000 paperbacks, electronic and audio books are published by Random House annually and they come in 15 different local languages of various countries worldwide. It has been estimated that around 400 million books are sold by the company every year. It is one of the wholly owned subsidiary company of Bertelsmann AG. The imprints of the Random House Publishing Group of Bertelsmann AG includes Bantam, Dell, Delacorte, Ballantine books, Trade Paperbacks of Random House, One World, The Modern Library, Presidio Press, Triumph books, Spiegel, Spectra, Villard Books, and Grau. Ballantine Books is considered to be one of

Died for Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Died for Beauty - Essay Example Thus, a careful reader can easily find traces, in her poems, of the physical isolation, loneliness, and eccentricities which she experienced in her personal life and these poems contain hints to her unfulfilled dreams. By and large, Dickinson’s poems are subjective in nature, short and unconventional in quality, and they were mainly for private circulation rather than large-scale publishing. The unique quality of her poems such as short lines, lack of titles, unconventional capitalization and punctuation, use of slant rhyme, etc have attracted readers of the subsequent generation, although Dickinson was almost unknown as poet during her lifetime. Dickinson’s poems mainly deal with her mysterious life which is presented to the readers through her mysterious verse. Through the various themes in her poems, Dickinson presented the startling aspects ordinary human life which includes the mysterious actuality of death. It is also greatly remarkable that she dealt with two rec urring themes, i.e. death and immortality, in her poems (as well as her personal letters) and the poems discussed in this essay focus on such themes as death and immortality, love, beauty, sickness and inspiration. ... However, a careful reader can find a connotation to the poet’s failure in achieving the real meaning of beauty which is hinted by the words ‘died’ and ‘scarce’ in the opening line. It is important to recognize that the major concern of the poet in this poem is to bring out the link between beauty and truth which she achieves through the effective use of diction – for example, words like ‘adjoining room’, ‘kinsmen’, ‘brethren’, etc reveal this link. To analyze the use of versification in the poem, it is clear that the poet uses rhyming words such as â€Å"tomb – room†, â€Å"replied – said†, â€Å"rooms – names†, etc to illustrate the musical qualities of her poems. Similarly, one can find the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, metonymy, etc. The use of metaphor in â€Å"We brethren are† compares the two unlike things – i.e. be auty and truth, whereas these concepts are personified in the poem when they are given human qualities. The poet is effective in the use of metonymy when she refers to ‘our lips’ and ‘our names’. In short, â€Å"I Died for Beauty, But Was Scarce† is a typical poem by Emily Dickinson in which a reader can find elements of her poetry such as common themes, lyric qualities, unconventional capitalization and punctuation, striking use of figures of speech, and connotative language. Another poem dealing with the theme of death is â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† in which Dickinson personifies death as a gentleman caller or suitor, and the poem incorporates all the major characteristics of Dickinson-poetry. In this poem, the poet celebrates the theme of death and establishes how dearly she

Best Practice And Best Fit Approach In HRM Management Essay

Best Practice And Best Fit Approach In HRM Management Essay 1. Introduction The discussion between promoters of best practice and best fit approaches has sparked widespread controversy in the human resource management (HRM) area. The topic has gained much scholarly attention because it not only addresses a theoretical controversy but also possesses a high degree of practical managerial significance. The essay has the aim to analyse best practice and best fit approaches in HRM of a multinational enterprise. The reader receives insight into Lincoln Electrics organization through a case-study analysis of practical HR approaches serving as a basis for developing practical managerial implications in the last part of the paper. 2. Critical evaluation of best practice and best fit practices in HRM 2.1 Best practice approach The best practice approach claims that certain bundles of HR activities exist which universally support companies in reaching a competitive advantage regardless of the organizational setting or industry (Redman and Wilkinson 2009). Best practice models imply a close connection between HR practices and organizational performance and are often associated with high commitment management (Paauwe Boselie 2003). Empirical research in the best-practice field shows similar groups of HR polices which are especially suitable for maximizing performance irrespective of market and product strategies (Peffer 1998, Guest 2000). Best practice bundles of activities are characterized as mutually compatible HR activities which forge high levels of workforce competence, encourage motivation and introduce a workdesign boosting employee commitment (Maloney and Morris 2005). Based on concepts from expectancy theory (Vroom 1964, Lawler 1971) best practice HR will result in higher levels of quality, product ivity and low rates of absenteeism and wastage (Guest 2000). The best practice approach suffers from a series of limitations. Firstly, when implementing best practice standards organizations run risk of introducing mutually prohibitive combinations like team working and compensation based on individual performance resulting in a deterioration of employee collaboration through overexaggerated competition (Delery 1998 in Redman and Wilkinson 2009). Secondly, high commitment management systems are generally a complex undertaking requiring large inputs of planning and top level management commitment. Thirdly, critics like Milkovich and Newman (2002) argue that best practice HR lacks direct linkages with organizational strategies and is minted by the belief that outstanding high performing human resources will influence strategy. By making HR policy precede corporate strategy an organization risks prescribing standardized sets of one size fits all best practice approaches which will not support the particular needs of employees and be detrimental t o overall strategic objectives (Maloney and Morris 2005). Fourthly, discussions with regard to the appropriate choice of best practice measures resulting from an insufficient research methodology and theoretical definition exist (Marchington and Grugulis 2000 in Redman and Wilkinson 2009). 2.2 Best fit approach The best-fit model is considered as a variant from precedent models of Harvard, Michigan and York and is called matching model for HRM (Sparrow and Hiltrop 1994). It is based on developing HRM policies according to business strategy. Strategy involves planning future activities, performances objectives, and policies towards reaching the corporate aims. HRM strategy should be designed and applied to support the given corporate strategy (Lawler 1995). The best-fit approach questions the universality assumption of the best-practice perspective. It emphasizes contingency fit between HR activities and the organizations stage of development, an organizations internal structures and its external environment like clients, suppliers, competition and labour markets (Redman and Wilkinson 2009). HR policy should be minted by the appropriate context of individual employees and therefore support the overall competitive strategy. Aligning HRM practices to strategies can enable companies to create p otential competitive advantages (Schuler and Jackson 1987 in Redman and Wilkinson 2009). The best fit approach is also subject to sever criticism. Firstly, Boxall and Purcell (2003) criticizes that in a changing business environment companies and their strategies are subject to multiple alternating contingences and that it is merely possible to adjust entire HR systems to new challenges frequently. Secondly, as companies move through their life-cycle HR practices have to be aligned which leads to an alternating treatment of employees which can have a demotivating effect and show inconsistency in corporate culture (Boxall and Purcell 2003). 3. Analysis of Lincoln Electrics HRM approach 3.1 Evaluation: Best practice or best fit approach in certain HR practices 3.1.1 Selection practices For the hiring of its U.S. workforce Lincoln Electronic is applying best practice methods as it pursues a selective employment approach aiming at attracting skilled personnel that can connect to the companies high performance ethic and live up to quality standards. New hires have to pass a three-month probation period and prove their work dedication in trainee programme (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). For the established U.S. operations promoting experienced employees from within can be regarded as an element of best fit approach of aligning HR goals with corporate quality strategy (Lawler 1995). It is coherent with Lincolns strategy of binding the best employees and rewarding them for their long-term achievements with responsibility thus keeping its intellectual capital and ensuring a sustainable competitive advantage in fields of performance, knowledge and quality. In the international management Lincoln made the mistake of relying too much on inexperienced U.S. managers from within a nd only after the disaster of the international subsidiaries started to move from its unitary strategy towards a more responsive best fit approach to external environmental by hiring more internationally experienced external managers in China and Europe which fits the international expansion strategy (Hastings 1999). In its Chinese recruitment it adapts to the Chinese labor market by personally promoting and introducing prospective employees through senior management to identify personalities who can live up to performance, education and quality requirements applying a best fit approach (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). This is in line with common relationship and social network oriented selection practices in China (Warner 2005). 3.1.2 Training practices Lincoln is applying a best fit strategy which aims at enhancing employees abilities, technical and business knowledge through a significant investment in globally recognized best practice training methods (Marchington Grugulis 2000). Examples are a sophisticated trainee program for sales and engineering trainees, constant vocational trainings for experienced workers and regular work certification programs (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). These actions aim at supporting and maintaining the superior efficiency objectives creating core competences compared to industry rivals and a competitive advantage. Lincolns approach to training employees resembles the immersion training conducted by Toyota which also conducts extensive investment in workers qualifications to achieve highest productivity and quality (Spear, 2004). 3.1.3 Reward system The reward system which has been invented by founder James Lincoln is at the core of the successful individual performance working system. In the US, Lincoln employs a highly compensated piece-work system which is linked to individual employee performance based on a multitude of work-related factors (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). The reward system is able to motivate employees for achieving commitment through a remuneration which is at the top of its industry (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Payment system possesses clear management commitment and is seen as the key for achieving outstanding employee commitment leading to advantages in costs, productivity and quality (Hastings 1999). Group collaboration within the company is created through specific bonus pools which are allotted to work group performance. The bonuses are then distributed to the members of that group according to their quantified relative performance on the semi-annual merit rating based on factors like idea generation, qu ality, reliability, dependability and output (Milgram Roberts 1995). Employees are closely bound to the organization through a long-term stockpurchase plan as part of their remuneration making them entrepreneurs at their workplace (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Classification of the reward system in one of the HRM approaches is ambiguous. Lincoln invented the individual performance-system as the major component towards developing its employees for becoming its core strength through an unbeatable motivation and quality-drive (Milgram Roberts 1995). This is the utilization of the best fit approach minting HR towards organizational strategic objectives. The performance payment system has proven immensely successful becoming an internal best practice. Empirical studies by MacMillan and Schuler (1984) confirm the success of individual performance- pay with end-of-year bonuses at US bearings company Baimco and at the aviation company PEOPLexpress. For its global operations Lincoln is forc ed to abide by national restrictions in the legal environment (e.g. prohibition of piecework in Germany) and traditional working habits in the socio-cultural environment to align its reward system to local standards (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). In Europe, it is forced to conduct a best fit approach abiding by local regulations and adjust to differing standards of motivation where workers value benefits like vacation over annual bonuses. 3.1.4 Employee participation The best fit approach is also utilized for the field of employee participation. The company possesses an open-door policy where employees can contact management directly. Flat hierarchies with minimal supervisory management lead to very low communication barriers and wide-opportunities for taking responsibility (Milgram Roberts 1995). Due to participation is one of the evaluation criteria for employee remuneration Lincoln has a very high workforce participation rate concerning continuous improvement suggestions. Similar continuous improvement and feedback programs are also pursued by Japanese companies like Nissan in order to enhance productivity (Erstand 1997). That not only encourages idea generation but also directly involves employees in major decisions like the turnaround after the economic crises (Hastings 1999). Although workers are not unionized a very lively participation with the management board takes place through the Employee Advisory Board leading to a very high level of workforce loyalty. The best fit participation approach supports the core competence and sustainable competitive advantage of productivity and innovative quality as major strategic objectives (Pfeffer 1995) 3.2 External and internal factors influencing Lincolns HR strategy 3.2.1 External factors Firstly, the legal environment both in Lincolns domestic market and international markets significantly influences the HR strategy. Regulations regarding the legality of piece-work systems, vacation requirements and working hour limitations force Lincoln to adapt HR practices in all fields elucidated in chapter 3.1. In the U.S. more performance driven and entrepreneurial HR approaches are possible whereas regulations in Europe, Asia and Latin America force Lincoln to adhere to adapt local HR practices (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Secondly, Lincoln is affected by the cultural diversity of its operations again creating barriers for the introduction of performance driven measures in markets like Western-Europe and China. Whereas in the U.S. traditionally hierarchy is low and employee idea generation is common, Chinese culture is more subversive and critical idea generation practices will fail (Zhu 2005). Similarly hiring and training practices are different across cultures: The U.S. and Europe allow for the application of best practices in recruitment and training. In Asia Lincoln needs to align to the environment of conducting rather relationship oriented hiring and in-depth skill development (Warner 2005). Thirdly, different market maturity and industry-life-cycles between developed and developing markets affect Lincolns HR approaches with differences in hiring, training and workforce participation. 3.2.2 Internal factors The first major internal factor affecting Lincolns HRM is the life-cycle of the respective subsidiary. U.S. and Canadian operations have a historical presence with high levels of employee loyalty, trust, identification with the individual performance culture and a well attuned work organization and low hierarchies (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Due to recent acquisitions and Greenfield investments in Europe and Asia loyalty and identification with the overall corporate objectives and working ethics is unincisive (Hastings 1999). Lincoln is challenged developing HR-approaches to create employee involvement and implement the performance driven internal values. Especially, immense discrepancies between the subsidiaries international managers and the U.S. headquarters management are major obstacles for the development of globally coherent HRM strategies which can enforce the overall companys performance (e.g. objections against incentive system, language barriers, management philosophies) (Hastings 1999). Lincolns executives do not possess the required international management skills and are very much minted by idealized U.S. practices. 3.3 Practical managerial lessons and broad implications for HRM practices Practical managerial HRM implications which can be drawn from the Lincoln case are the following. Lincolns HRM strategy is based on a best fit approach designed to achieve an optimal vertical fit with the overall corporate strategy with a strong alignment towards the competitive strategic objectives of employee productivity and product quality on the companys domestic American market (Basset 1999). Lincoln is immensely successful on the U.S. market because it matches HR approaches to corporate, competitive and functional level strategy to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Internationally, Lincoln is not able to transfer the U.S. model of best fit to its subsidiaries. Environmental factors like legal requirements and cultural differences make it impossible to use a system which is based on individual performance (Bjà ¶rkman Galunic 2003). Lincoln is limited in fitting its HR approach to what would be best for reinforcing its efficiency and quality driven competitive advantage. The Lincoln case illustrates that in a global context companies are influenced by a multitude of contingences. A universalist HRM approach within a MNC applying a certain bundle of HRM best practices will not render an optimal outcome for the entire organization (Sims 2007). According to Dowling et al (2008) International managers need to take a more detailed approach by identifying individual circumstances of national subsidiaries and fitting HRM strategies to achieve a mutual enforcement between local requirements and corporate strategy. For some a best practice approach might be a superior solution while for other subsidiaries only certain best practice elements (e.g. hiring, training, rewards etc.) might prove to be effective: In Europe Lincoln fails to develop any sort of HRM strategy which can satisfy the environmental requirements and reinforce its competitive differentiation strategy at the same time. Due to a lack of international knowledge Lincolns managers rely on the stat us quo (Hastings 1999). In Europe an introduction of best practice methods with a HPWS would have immediately allowed ensuring better control and performance in the newly acquired international subsidiaries through standardized practices (Maloney and Morris 2005). The best fit approach in Lincolns Chinese subsidiary incorporates lessons learned from the European failure: Lincoln is able to adapt HR strategy to environmental requirements of culture, legal requirements and the market and at the same time introduce best fit approaches in hiring and employee development to support its competitive strategy. The broader implication is that there is no single best way to approach HRM. Companies should design their approach according to elements of best practice and best fit to achieve the best possible outcomes. Studies conducted by Mendonca Kanungo (1994) and Cyert March (1963) show that the adaption of HRM approaches to local international environments is essential for companies leading to and adaption of processes and practices to fit with the local workforce. Successful MNCs like Unilever, Royal Dutch Shell and Nestlà © are those that conduct HRM strategies based on localized requirements incorporating elements from best fit and also standardized best practices (Briscoe Schuler 2004). In this context a localized resource-based HRM approach can be a good possibility to create synergies between internal competences with strategy and performance. 4. Conclusion To put everything under consideration, one can see that best fit and best practice approaches offer companies powerful tools for shaping human resource management processes. The case study has illustrated that an application of one bundle of best practice strategies across all geographies of MNCs, as proposed by Pfeffer (1998), is almost impossible because of regional differences in work-related practices, laws culture and characteristics of motivation. Similarly, sticking to a best fit strategy which is only aligned to the contingency of strategy and a neglect of environmental forces and internal capabilities can lead to a failure of HR in international markets. The case has shown that the concepts of best practice and best fit have to be analyzed and adapted to suit the localized needs of international subsidiaries in order to pave the way to overall global competitive advantages through HR.

A Streetcar Named Desire: Visual, Aural and Spatial :: English Literature

Streetcar Named Desire: Visual, Aural and Spatial The sound for ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ is effective but this could be built upon to improve it and create a more intense atmosphere. The stage directions do state when sound should be used, they usually state the piece of music and the way in which it should be played, for example â€Å"Blue piano and the hot trumpet sound louder†. I think that if an amalgamation of types of music such as; instrumental music, recorded sounds and vocal pieces. This would provide a range of sounds and would be more interesting for the audience. More sound could be used to reflect the action taking place in the play, an example being when, in Scene Ten, when Blanche is trying to get hold of Shep Huntleigh and is getting more and more distressed this would be an appropriate time for some fast paced music to enhance her panic. The space on the stage could have been used a lot more effectively. The actors could use the whole of the stage, split certain parts of it up to represent different rooms and scenes, also the changing of space to create dramatic effect. A good example of a use of this changing space is in Scene Ten before Blanche gets raped by Stanley, the scene could start with the space room sized and then as he becomes more dominating over her it shrinks to show how trapped she feels. The scenery in the play needs to be relevant to the era and surroundings of New Orleans, realistic enough so that the audience know where they are and are interesting but not so much that it takes the focus of the play away from the actors, the scenery should be life like, for example the flat, if it is flat like then the audience can relate with the characters and it can make it feel more real. The era of the play is also set by the costume that the actors wear to suggest the time and conditions that the characters live in, the costumes should also dictate the class of the people in the play as there are clear divides. For example Blanche would wear long frilly summer dresses to show that she is still living in the past and wears clothes that draw attention to herself and most importantly, make her look attractive. Blanche’s make up would be highlighted to show her vanity but also to give the appearance that she is younger than she is. The scenery would show to the audience exactly what it is that she

O’Connor and Chaotic Life

In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, Flannery O’Connor highlights a chaotic family relationship in a chaotic and changing world.   The grandmother is the most animated member of the family and is constantly reminiscing about the past and lamenting about the current state of mankind.Her life is in constant contrast with the lives of the rest of her family; her aloof son Bailey and especially, the disrespectful grandchildren.   In her is the embodiment of southern values and respect, even a sense of piety.   She worries about the loss of values that others obviously disregard and dismiss.She makes an ominous statement about the character â€Å"the Misfit†, who embodies all that is bad in the world that would later make a connection with the setting of the deaths of the family.   In this final setting, the true face of human nature shines through, as the grandmother attempts to reason with the Misfit, to no avail, and then tries to save only her own life an d not the lives of the family.   It is here that it becomes obvious that reasoning with people, in this case the family and the murderer, is impossible in a world of chaos.More importantly, the human condition is presented to show that each person cares more for him or herself than their fellowman.The characters of the mother, baby, and the Misfit’s friends are very peripheral and offer little or nothing to analyze.   The couple at the barbeque place do illustrate turmoil in their lives that is easily connected to the family in the story.Red Sammy is an interesting character, who laments about the dangers of the world, as does his wife and their obvious disconnection with each other in their conversations, point to the parallel nature of an individual in a family.The grandmother seems to not be moved by the way that the woman is dismissed by Red Sammy and this reflects the grandmother’s views of people.   The grandmother constantly says that she is â€Å"a ladyà ¢â‚¬ , so the treatment of Red Sammy’s wife may be looked at by her as fine, because the wife was not as special as she.   There is another instance in the story that illustrates the way that the grandmother feels about herself, in an arrogant sense.When she sees a young black child with no pants, she explains to the grandchildren how poor people are in the country.   Though she makes no mention of how unfortunate this is, instead she begins to talk about her wish to learn how to paint, and how she would paint a picture of that boy in front of his old shack.In believing that she is a lady, she attempts to rule the family and teach the grandchildren about how they should view the world, through her own lens.Although the lens does not fit, as the world has changed and the grandmother goes back and forth between looking to the past and dealing with the future.   There is an obvious disconnect of time here, just as there is within the family.   The obvious disconnect of the family highlighted is the exasperation of Bailey toward his mother and the condescension of the children toward the grandmother.Though the grandmother sometimes acts haughty and overbearing, she does act as if she has the welfare of her family and the world at large in her thoughts and actions.   Though her lie about the plantation leads them all to death.   The lie she tells about the plantation is that there is treasure hidden somewhere in a secret place in the house.This excites the children, as they want to explore the passage and even come up with ways to get into the house (an illegal act itself).   The grandmother knows that this family is very chaotic and unbalanced, so the children would get their way.   The lie and the talk of finding treasure, because of the children’s greed led the family to their destruction, as one lie begins a course of what may be considered sins, to the ultimate sin of all.This lie leads to the meeting with the Misfit.   The Mis fit embodies all that is to be feared in the world.   He is lawless and immoral.   He is dangerous and sneaky.   But his view on the acts that he has done, illustrate the imperfection of every person and even the family, itself.He makes an interesting statement when he reveals that if you murder someone or steal from them, you will be punished.   In this way, the grandmother is forced to face her own demons, as she has believed that she is the most sensible and moral person in the family, but it is this side-tracked and mis-led trip that leads her to the realization that she is neither sensible or moral.She had remembered just before the accident that the plantation was not even in Georgia at all and the adventure that she wanted to take personally was only agreed too, because she lied to the children about its uniqueness.   Had she been sensible and moral, she would have not burdened the family with her lie. This mistake leads them all to death, one she cannot prevent for herself and does not seem to do for the rest of them.In conclusion, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is an illustration of a chaotic family in a chaotic world.   The grandmother, who acts like a beacon of hope in the family, ends of being the agent of their death.She must come face-to-face with her own demons, literally with the encounter with the Misfit and metaphorically with her own sense of herself.   The finality of the family’s deaths and the continuation of the lives of the Misfit and his friends further shows how there is no real sense of justice in the world, only chaos.   The sense is there too of it being very easy to judge someone else and to then be judged.   The grandmother continuously tells the Misfit that he is not â€Å"common†, showing her disdain for common people. It is that type of judgment that can be said to have caused her downfall from grace.Additionally, it is exactly what the Misfit wants, to be common and to blend in with o thers.   He puts on her dead son’s shirt to be this common person and her last thoughts, arguably, would have been about the way she has led her family, both in their lives and on the final journey they would ever take.Works Cited:O’Connor, F.   â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.†Ã‚   The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction, 7th Edition.   Ed. Richard Bausch, R.V. Cassill.   New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2005.

An Overview of Venus Essays

An Overview of Venus Essays An Overview of Venus Essay An Overview of Venus Essay Venus Venus is merely the 2nd planet from the Sun. It’s besides the closest planet to Earth. It’s besides the closest planet to Earth. It’s nicked Earths Twin as it’s the most similar to Earth in size, mass, volume, and denseness. Scientists believe these belongingss and characteristics suggest the 2 planets had a similar history. It is named after ancient Roman goddess of love and beauty. It likely got its name because it was the brightest thing to ancient civilisations after the Sun. Venus has been known since pre-historic times. But, like Mercury it was believed to be 2 separate organic structures, the eventide star and the forenoon star. The Grecian uranologists knew better in this 1 every bit good, they realized this is besides 1 organic structure. Equally beautiful as it to us we wouldn’t see any of that in Venus as it’s invariably obscured with a thick bed of clouds. This bed of clouds makes it hard for worlds to detect and analyze the plane t. Venus besides has a massive ambiance which is largely made of C dioxide. This atmosphere traps heat which is the ground Venus is the hottest planet in the Solar System. Most information about Earths twin comes from Mariner 2’s visit in 1962. Venus lies between Mercury and Earth’s orbit. It is the 2nd of the four members of the interior planets. It’s about every bit big as Earth, but clearly is smaller in a spot. Venus is.72 AU off from the Sun. Venus’ surface is cratered like Mercury but Venus has immense sums of volcanic activity something Mercury deficiencies, which is good. Venus, like Mercury, has no Moons nor does it hold rings. Venus is the 6th planet in Sun, merely losing out on Earth but is much larger than Red planets and Mercury. As I said, it is nicked Earth’s Twin for their similar size, denseness, mass, and volume. It has a mass of 4,867, 300,000,000, 000,000,000,000 kilogram. It has a diameter of 12,104 KM compared to Earth’s which is about 12,756 KM. Its mass is about 80 % of Earth’s and its volume is some 95 % of Earth’s. Venus’ volume is 928,415,345,893 Km^3. As we all know every individual planet in the solar system revolves around the Sun in an ellipse shaped egg-shaped orbit. However, from the full planet’s Venus is likely the most round. It orbits the Sun at around 108 million kilometer, in distance, on norm. That’s about.72 AU. It completes one orbit around the Sun in 225 Earth yearss, intending a individual twelvemonth on Venus is 225 Earth yearss. However, like Mercury, Venus spins on its axis with a sulky rate. It completes one orbit on its axis every 243 Earth yearss. These 2 gestures of travel combine to do a twenty-four hours Venus some 117 Earth yearss. Therefore, Venus is more spherical than any of the other planets. Venus besides rotates on the opposite way as the other planets do, Uranus is the lone exclusion. Venus and Uranus are the lone planets in the Solar System to revolve utilizing antagonistic clockwise. Therefore, the Sun would lift on the West instead than the E. But that that doesn’t matter mu ch because you won’t see the Sun anyhow from the bed of clouds. Venus is tilted some 30 grades on its axis comparative to its plane orbit so the opportunities of a season are merely a bantam fraction. Venus lacks a magnetic field, a planetary 1 at least ; this could be a ground for its slow rotary motion. Venus’ atmosphere is composed of chiefly C dioxide ( 96 % ) with the staying most likely being Nitrogen. The ambiance would look clear until the bed of clouds with float above the surface in some 50 kilometers. These clouds are most likely made of sulphuric acid and some other compounds and elements. Venus has little or no H2O ; the possibilities of H2O in the ambiance are really little. The force per unit area on the surface on the planet is 90 times that of Earth’s surface. The surface temperature can make up to 500 grades, that’s manner more than Mercury. Scientists believe if the temperature is this high there must be something that traps heat. This is called the nursery consequence. Despite Venus’ slow rotary motion on its axis its ambiance seems to go around the planet with high gait. At cloud degree, the ambiance circulates the planet every 4 yearss. Besides at cloud degree the air currents blows at 360 KM/H. As you get closer to the surface the vel ocity decreases. Venus is the 2nd planet from the Sun but still absorbs less heat and visible radiation than Earth ; this is because of the bed of clouds. About 85 % of the light received by Venus is reflected back. As I said, the midst ambiance on Venus traps the heat which means the surface temperatures are really hot. The light can’t escape a C dioxide atmosphere every bit easy as seeable visible radiation can. This called the green house consequence is the chief beginning for Venus’ high temperature. The mean surface temperature is 465-500 grades C. Scientists observe and survey this nursery consequence really carefully because they are afraid it might go on to planet Earth because of planetary heating. Venus has a dry, bouldery, and smooth surface. The lone information we know about Venus’ surface comes from the Soviet Union’s Venera Spacecraft Series. The surface was found to be smooth, but non every bit smooth as first theorized. Since even lead can run on Venus from the nursery consequence, the surface is nil but lava on fields. But still Venus has some land characteristics like canons, lava flows, mountains, rift vales, fields and craters merely like Earth’s. Venus besides has vents which could be still active boulder clay today. We don’t cognize when but they do erupt. Venus, like Mercury and the Moon, have craters. These craters form when organic structures like comets or asteroids strike the surface and cicatrix it. Planetal scientists have ever theorized that the Earth’s inside is larger than that of Venus. Like Earth, Venus besides has a nucleus, a crust, and a bouldery mantle. Venus’ nucleus likely is some 3000 kilometer from the centre and likely has Iron and Nickel in its nucleus merely like Earth does. But it likely besides has other elements in it that are less heavy like Sulfur. Unlike most other planets Venus lacks a planetary magnetic field significance that there is no grounds for a metallic nucleus. The mantle makes up most of the planet with gravitative informations proposing the mantle to be 20-50 kilometer midst. It’s besides theorized that it includes basalt every bit good. Like Mercury, Venus likely doesn’t have home base tectonics. Let’s go back to Venus’ find. In the 15Thursdaycentury Galileo made his first observations of the planet. By 1610 he had already discovered its stages. If Earth was really the centre of the Solar System like they believed Venus wouldn’t show phases. This find was the first of all time observation to back up Copernicus and his heliocentric theory. Subsequently on in the 18Thursdayand 19Thursdaycentury of import finds were made when Venus’ transits occurred. Venus is called the forenoon and eventide star because when it transits it looks really bright, something like a close star. The last clip Venus’ transited was in 2012, before that 1892 and 2004. The following clip it will go on is 2117. The first ballistic capsule to get at Venus was Mariner 2 which came along its orbit in 1962. It was followed by a ballistic capsule from the Soviet Union and others that subsequently landed on Venus for a few hours. NASA’s Magellan ballistic capsule was prepared with devices that could pierce through to atmosphere of Venus and uncover the surface below it. It grounds of volcanic activity and impact craters but nil about home base tectonics. The latest ballistic capsule sent to Venus is the European Space Agency Express which arrived in 2006 and is doing observations of all time since that. The Earth The Earth every bit good all know is planet figure 3 from the Sun and is the topographic point where everything known to hold life exists in. Earth is the 4th smallest planet. Not until the 16Thursdaycentury did we recognize Earth is nil but a planet. Besides non until the 20Thursdaycentury did we hold a full map of Earth. Earth was personified a batch in the ancient times. For illustration, the Ancient Egyptians believed Earth is level land with the sky dividing it from heaven. By 2500 BC people started to believe Earth was really a sphere. Pythagoras is credited for making this decision. Approximately 200 old ages subsequently Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed thoughts for believing Earth is really a sphere. Aristotle was right with the thoughts and since so some people believed Earth is a sphere. Aristotle is regarded as one of the most superb heads in ancient history. Yet, many people didn’t cognize about his instructions so the thought wasn’t classified as official until subsequently on. Grecian and Indian uranologists accepted the theoretical account and in the 9Thursdaycentury Islamic bookmans besides begun to utilize it. Christian Europe accepted it by the 13Thursdaycentury. It is known that the perimeter at the equator is 40,075 KM and the diameter at the equator is 12,756 KM. But in world Earth’s non an existent domain because it is flattened at the poles. The poles’ diameters are some 12,719 KM. Earth has a radius of 6,371 kilometers, a volume of 1,083,206,916,846 Km^3. It besides has a mass of a astonishing 5,973,140,000,000,000,000,000,000. Ever since Nicholas Copernicus explained that Earth revolved around the Sun mathematicians worked hard to analyze the orbit utilizing math. The rate at which Earth moves around the Sun is 108,000 Km/h. This means Earth go some 940 million kilometer during a individual orbit. The Earth completes one orbit around the Sun every 365.242199 yearss precisely. This explains why we need another calendar twenty-four hours every 4 old ages, a leap twelvemonth. The clip it takes Earth to go around around the Sun once is called a twelvemonth. Like all planet’s Earth’s orbit is besides egg-shaped. But like Venus, it’s a small handbill, non every bit much as Venus though. This means the difference between its farthest point and its closest point is rather a little sum. Earth takes 24 hours to revolve on its axis, therefore a twenty-four hours on Earth is 24 hours. Earth is tilted 23.5-24 grades to its plane of orbit which is why we experience seasons. The ambiance that surrounds Earth is chiefly Nitrogen ( 78 % ) with Oxygen ( 21 % ) the remainder being other gases. Earth’s atmosphere is divided into 5 beds, most conditions and clouds are found in the first. The beds: 1 ) Troposphere: The first bed contains half the ambiance and conditions occurs here. 2 ) Stratosphere: The 2nd bed is stable and includes the ozone bed which protects us from harmful beams of the Sun 3 ) Mesosphere: The 3rdbed to the ambiance where meteors are burned. 4 ) Thermosphere: The 4Thursdaybed where Auroras occur, besides where infinite shuttles orbit. 5 ) Exosphere: Upper bound, atmosphere here subsequently merges with outer infinite as it is truly thin. The ambiance is indispensable for us as without there would be no life. It blocks harmful sunbeams from making us, the ozone. It besides traps adequate heat doing Earth hold a comfy temperature and the O within the ambiance is an of import ingredient to life. Over the past century, nursery gases and air pollutants have been released into the ambiance. These have been doing large alterations to the ambiance such as ozone holes, planetary heating and acerb rain. Earth’s surface as I’m certain you’ve heard of is 70 % H2O while the staying is the continents. Underneath the H2O that packs the oceans and the dirt that clutches the continents is a thin bed of bouldery atoms. This bed formed a bouldery and difficult crust where lava really cooled down the surface 4-5 billion old ages ago. The crust is broken up to many big home bases that easy pull each other. Mountain ranges signifier when 2 home bases collide and their borders are forced upon each other. Many other surface characteristics such as canons and vales are formed from traveling home bases. These home bases move about 1 inch a twelvemonth. This means 1000000s of old ages ago the continents were in complete different places. Some 25 million old ages ago the continents were one immense piece that easy divided into the 7 continents. There are tonss of periods in Earth’s history such as the Pre-Cambrian and Welsh clip periods. The inside of the Earth is made up of metal and stones and is made up of 4 chief beds which are: The interior nucleus: solid metal nucleus that is made of Ni and Fe, is 7440 kilometer in diameter The outer nucleus: a liquid centre of liquefied liquid lava The mantle: dense, largely silicate stone, includes the upper mantle and lower mantle The crust: thin silicate stone stuff The Earth’s beds in deepness: 0-40 Crust ( Quartz ) 40-400 Upper mantle ( Iron, Nickel, Magnesium, Silicate, Calcium, Aluminum ) 400-650 Transition parts 650-2700 Lower mantle ( Silicon, Magnesium, Oxygen ) 2700-280- P Layer 2890-5150 Outer nucleus 5150-6372 Inner nucleuss Mass of Earth: Atmosphere: 0.0000051 Oceans: 0.0014 Crust: 0.026 Mantles: 4.043 Outer nucleus: 1.835 Inner nucleus: 0.09675 The temperature in the nucleus is really hotter than the Sun’s surface. The heat from the inner nucleus causes the outer nucleus and the mantle to travel. The home base tectonics easy move other from the cause of other motions. It could besides be that the heat motion generates out magnetosphere. Earth is the closest planet to the Sun that has a natural orbiter, the Moon. It’s more than one-fourth the size of Earth itself. The Moon is 3,474 Km in diameter. The moon’s gravitation is 1/6 of Earth’s gravitation. There are merely 2 basic types of parts on the moon’s surface. But, there are many surface characteristics in the Moon. Such as craters, mountains, vales, and lava fields, which are tough to analyze. The moon’s top beds are besides solid like Earth ( 800 kilometer ) . The Moon might even hold a little Fe nucleus say some lunar scientists but it’s non confirmed yet. But an Fe nucleus would be unlikely because the Moon has no magnetic field. There is no air current on the Moon ; besides the Moon doesn’t possess its weak atmosphere so there is no conditions. Besides, there is no ambiance to pin down heat do so at midday it could 100 grades C and at dark it could be -173 grades C. It doesn’t bring forth energy but it do es reflect off light, similar Mercury. The lunar stages of the Moon alteration as the Moon orbits the Earth ; I will take a deeper expression at the stages of the Moon subsequently on

Catal Huyuk Essays

Catal Huyuk Essays Catal Huyuk Paper Catal Huyuk Paper Although not entirely perfect, pottery dating over 7,000 years old was found with little to no weathering, and the designs still Intact. Due to the simple fact that Octal Yuk Is the only Neolithic site found on record, It Is difficult to Judge whether or not such architecture was typical of this period or not. Although Paleolithic and Neolithic tribes were thought to be primarily nomadic, it is not impossible (as demonstrated by Octal Yuk) for them to settle, especially with the development of domesticated animals. Octal Yuk is an entirely geometric architectural creation. The inhabitants lived in single-story buildings clustered around shared courtyards, used as garbage Octal Yuk was designed without the implementation of roads or plazas of any kind; however, it was simply unnecessary. The buildings were designed in a way that residents of Octal Yuk could traverse rooftops to get to other homes. Their protection relied on continuous, unbroken exterior walls, which made it easy to One difficulty the people of Octal Yuk may have encountered was lighting the interiors of their homes. Although fire was a means of illumination, the most effective daytime light source, the sun, would, more often than not, be unable to provide adequate lighting in the buildings. This is due, in part, to the limited construction of windows in the sides of homes. Furthermore, the windows that did exist could have been blocked by other buildings surrounding them. Apparently, the people of Octal Yuk lived fairly simple lives there was a significant absence of social class, so much that in the excavation of Octal Yuk nearly all the homes appeared to have the same features, and there were absolutely no exceptions. Men and women also ere thought to be fairly equal in terms of their roles In society and In the village. In many aspects the people of Octal Yuk were far more advanced than was typical of the Neolithic period.

The Giver by Lois Lowry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Giver by Lois Lowry - Essay Example Theirs is a rigidly controlled society where there is no suffering, hunger, war and also no color, sex, music or love. The â€Å"Elders† controls everything like who will become husband and wife, the son and daughter they will receive to take care of and the job to be assigned at the proper time which is at twelve years of age. A person can be released from the community if he is really old, a sick infant or those persons who break the rules. Jonas discovers after a year of training that people being released were actually being given lethal injection. Jonas was angered by such discovery so he, together with the Giver, devised a plan of escape for Jonas together with Gabriel, the sick baby who is to be released through lethal injection the next day. But then, their plan did not work out. In trying to escape, Jonas experience so much hardships and starvation. The reader is left to interpret it the way he looks at how the story ended. Being a book critic, he said that he likes the book because it could entertain the reader. He gave as example the way Jonas first experience happiness, pain and sadness. According to him it’s funny at how Jonas felt simple things like seeing and feeling snow and feeling the warmth of the sun turn incredible for him. He also wanders what love is when given the memory of love by the Giver who told him that it’s his favorite emotion. Another instance is when Jonas wonders hoe life in his world will be if it is filled with colors and memories and emotion. This critic also said that to show true emotion, the author showed a tearful Jonas when he found out that his father, a doctor, administers lethal injection to infants who are released from the community for being sick and weak. Because of this, he does not want to live with his father who is a killer. Another example is when Jonas begins to fall in love with Fiona, his friend whom he saw naked in his dream. The book also relays a good message saying that war is bad

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Abortion - Essay Example Sinnott and Robert (467), argue that one can use pills that terminate the life of the embryo or go through medical processes of abortion. In this article, I will discuss the disadvantages of abortions, and some of the long-term effects one has to carry on after the procedure. I will also discuss on the legal nature of the act and the religious view of the practice. From a religious point of view, I agree that, killing of any human life is wrong, and there is no any legible reason for life termination. All life begins at conception and hence fetuses are just innocent beings and no killings are justifiable by law and religious holdings. I view it that, every being is unique, and termination of any life means the extinction of an individual with a unique genetic code (Sinnott and Robert 469). Out of biological knowledge, I understand that genes carry desirable traits that are rare and desirable giving organism’s unique qualities. The different aspects like knowledge, performance, or significant physical appearance may be in the genes of the terminated embryos. I agree with Sinnott and Robert (470) that, all humans have their potentials no matter how they may seem; hence, every life has a mission to accomplish, and thence it is wrong to terminate any life that may not yet be born. I agree with him that it is wrong to destroy foetus and no killings are justifiable. I find the act of causing pain on other living creatures wrong. Abortion causes pain moreover, sufferings to the foetus which later results to its death. My opinion remains that, however young the foetus is during the time of abortion it still causes it pain and sufferings, which is un-acceptable on any living creature. Governments that have legalized on abortion allow killings, and this means tolerating un-ethical practices in the societies. According to my thinking, this is lack of respect for young life. It is a terrible thing, and it results to under populating some regions since the

Healthcare Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Communication - Essay Example She was following the rules of gaining information. There was also a conflict of interest regarding the setting. According to HIPAA or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996 the mode of communication and interaction should be lucid, fast and simple. But in this case the nurse complicated the matter and it appears as a direct violation of HIPPA Title II that denotes AS or Administrative Simplification. (Fletcher, 187) Clearly the responsible parties are the hospital employees including the nurse and the in a way the training institute and the hospital are also responsible. It should be mentioned that the patient parties are also responsible as they could have been more tolerant in this case. As everything was happening in a public place, people were quite aware of the situation. The nurse was not able to demonstrate flexibility and responsiveness as accurately or quickly as she might have if the setting were clear. This led to an unprofessional approach to the situation, which in turn led to it blowing up. Finally, because the nurse was informed a week earlier of the new teachings of consent forms, she felt her battle with the husband and the surgeon both were against professional practice regarded as appropriate at the hospital. Again, she had the dilemma of not being able to show professionalism in the most important setting of her work.

Transforming the Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Transforming the Enterprise Essay Introduction In the transformation of contemporary industrial world aspect of the introduction of business technology hay greatly contributed in the expansion of more sectors within the economies. Organizations have been striving hard to attain the goals due ton the highly competitive standards that have been seen. It is from this reason that the aspect of introducing information technology in the business world has manifested to effective performance on the organizations with the use of the technology (Henry, 1996). The strategic use of IT is now a fundamental issue for every business all around the globe. The successful and competent employment of Information Technology necessitate the arrangement of the IT tactics with the business strategies, an aspect   that was not completed productively in the ancient times with conventional approaches .Information Technology significantly have an effect on the competence of the entire   business. The important issue that evolves in this concept entails how the concept of Information Technology can facilitate the realization of aggressive and tactical benefit for the business. The world is currently undergoing thoughtful changes on political, environmental, and social events factors that suggest that stability is rare (Davis and Davidson, 1991). The one thing that will never change for sure is a change itself. These transformations to our globe transmit challenges and chances in that the changes demand dramatic business transformation in order to control those changes and take advantage of opportunities.    The resources for successive uploads in a more and more aggressive and competitive, global setting are frequently being look at by executives all around the world in order to attain the overall successive objectives and goals of their companies and organization. Conventional obstruction such as currencies, directive, state boundaries are relevant to be moved out perpetually. The disputes and prospect for companies are incredible and innovative changes have to be deployed to achieve these goals. To be able to participate in these surroundings demands the revolution of business such that it is able to meet the standards in the marked and lifting itself to apposition that will guarantee effective success. The implication of the business alteration are prolonged and linked to the placement of business strategies and IT tactics (Morton 1990). Dissimilarity is going down amid small and big businesses in the competitive aggressive sectors in that small organization are now successfully in the competition with big industrial successors. The increasingly alliances flanked by small and large companies are on the rise probably to effectively come yup with strategies that are able to facilitate fast development and attain the overall goals of meeting and satisfying the consumers of the products and services   that are being delivered. Strategic coalition and most of the association support the business through these transformations by the use of join ventures, holdings, and syndicates. Such preparations can create small companies to be perceived and also have a perception of acting as the other big companies (Henry, 1996). This can also make huge companies experience small and close to the market.   The innovative partnerships have greater than before been on the rice to sustain companies as they progress into worldwide markets. The â€Å"triad† realm (consisting of USA, the European group of people centred in Germany and Pacific Rim which based in Japan) identified that the most powerful based on their per capital gross general yield are structure the primary advertiser for each and every one foremost industries. Globalization of the activity shows that the most businesses will have to participate in a borderless environment. Success in global markets demands more flexible business structures and achievement of business and Information Technology alignment. The entire work force is changing from blue collar to knowledge workers an attribute that entails highly skilled, self-disciplined; highly specialized personnel’s who are able to generate massive input in the organization. These employees require more increase of edification hold up with the aptitude to contribute to information, acquaintance and understanding. The majority of business and organisations pay their workforce for what they are acquainted with rather than the total output and power they have invested , a factor that has to be changed in order to meet the overall goals of attaining [perfection. The capacity to change human intellectual capital into service is becoming essential. Management skills are changing the conventional function of a management from those in total control to a leader who encourages guides, enlarge and support the employees by setting goals, priorities, and standards (Davis and Davidson, 1991). The goal of serving the widest range of customers needs with the most cost –effectiveness and responsive way represents new competitive strategies within the business world. One new strategy transforms mass production to mass customization. The Companies that are involved in mass customization are flexible and responsive (Morton, 1991). The technology swiftness will amplify and be overblown by new system connections opportunities when they are able to ensure that each and every association is adhered to. Approaches of evaluating the value of investments using traditional measures such as revenues, breakeven analyses are no longer coping with environment demands. These measures were suitable when customers were less demanding and product change was infrequent however the contemporary customer’s satisfaction, quality, time reduction, and moral of employees, should be very much consider .The aptitude of Information Technology to offer the potential of improved invention diversity, decrease the time, support increasing transaction volume (New York Stock Exchange) are good examples of business values that should be consider (Morton 1990). The functions of IT in altering the business Information Technology encompasses the expand range of equipment (computers, data devices, network and communications devices) and services (help desk, application development) used by business to distribute information and knowledge. It therefore provides strategic value to the business. The all round Support of the managerial communications entailing the authorities of the enterprise, key business processes detailing how functions operates and operational skills enlisting daily support of the staff clearly signify three major areas that entail effective management. Information Technology improves product and service quality, improve customer’s service and bring all the communication patterns within the various partners within the organization into constant communication and agreements. The strategic use of IT makes a powerful impact on business nowadays. By the year 2020, 80 % of business profits will come from the enterprises that is builds the business of information (Davis Davidson).The pioneering submission of Information Technology present instant benefits over competitors in that the capability of having technology itself shift the companies and organizations effectiveness in service delivery to a higher standard. With information flowing freely between nations, citizens are open to the elements of innovative products when they turn out to be available all over. Competitors will become more aware and try to carry out similar, improved strategies. There is no industry or organization which is immune from the opportunity from IT, in that the management must always be familiar with successful and efficient tactical management which can be consequent and executed only in the course of the partnership of the production and IT. The association of IT with the business is vital to the concept of renovation this aspect ensures that organizations are able to adversely focus on how IT can strengthen the competitive performance of the company. Organization should think of competitive supremacy, not computing influence. The configuration of business and IT strategies    In its fundamental character, the IT can change the critical temperament of a business. IBM has sponsored the important investigation in revolutionary this insight, which emerged out as a work, started in mid-1980s. It used the results in that research as the basic matter for methods applied in its consultant group. The strategic framework entail that strategic alignment model reflects the view that business depends on the harmony of business policy, IT strategy, managerial communications and procedures. The consideration paid to the accord of IT and the company considerably has an effect on the effectiveness of the business. IT has altered the indispensable scenery of numerous industries. Business and IT policy are in alliance when the   business goals are stimulated by the same strategies. Creating strategies and competitive returns are not new concepts, but use of IT to create those rewards quickly is new. IT can be employed to sustain the business in attaining its goals. IT can also distribute aggressive benefit by being a practical supplier to critical task systems. It is important that the company is as fast in applying IT as its competitors. Strategic advantage and competitive advantage can become strategic necessity and competitive requirement when company lags behind its competitors. For example, the airlines which were unable to present fast act in response to the untimely use of on-line stipulation systems established a loosing ground in their business. This in itself entailed a vital challenge to them therefore improvements had to be made to ascertain the effective examination relief to the people on the ground. Innovative skill will maintain offering new chances for competitive advantage and strategic advantage. Strategic alliance is a constant passage of alteration. IT, itself, does not generate importance, but the business processes that utilize the equipment bring about the overall advantage. Strategic alignment is a method for constantly thinking about how to analyze and derive executive path. Even though most companies have a clear business strategy a certain percentage often lacks a rational skill strategy or path for communications and processes. Business objectives must be well supported and inspired by IT strategies and capabilities whether or not the company has applied IT to transform the company is understanding obscurity in construction of strategic use of IT. Methods for transformation In 1992, IBM created the IBM inquiry and consulting Group to bring its know-how to clients trying to change their business. IBM’s consulting performance has used tactical configuration as a fundamental point for creating techniques used in conducting client’s activities. The new systems have been combining the most brilliant of previous skill with innovative advancement. The effect has been managed by means of the symbiosis of current consulting knowledge with changes in the industry. IT strategy and planning methods    The methods that can be applied in order to effectively carry out the changes involve the use of UNIX which is a firs and effective software that enhances massive communication within the organizations. IT strategy and planning are key aspects for an enterprise to venture in the competitive environment. Business module and development tactic compel assessment that determine where and how the enterprise will compete. These pronouncements compel the IT policy and development to maintain the business. Companies should have developed a set of solution business strategies that will position their products or services in the markets in which they want to compete. In addition, they should have considered the managerial structure and all the processes that have to be tackled to carry out the business strategies efficiently. With the implementation of business tactics, business structure, and perceptive of process, the creation of an IT strategy will develop a set of IT program that will offer the venture with a hi-tech advantage in competing. Business transformation methods    Business alteration offers a detailed loom to alter an enterprise in the course of entirety eminence management and manufacturing progress manufacturing for business of all category and sizes. The majority of the businesses are under growing stress to improve business performance. Recuperating the old developments by merely applying IT pay no attention to organizational infrastructure, processes, and performance deficiencies (Morton, 1991). Organizational structure, processes, proficiency, that were generating in a very unusual aggressive surroundings should be assessed for occasions of redefinition prior to technology is practical. The competitive environment will continue to change radically. To keep ahead and handle change most of the businesses have no option but to change their business to advanced status hat will enable competitiveness. Business process re-structuring and total quality management provide methods to meet the challenges. Functional methods    Fast prototyping methods get better the ongoing business progression by capturing the business visualization and rapidly representing the significance of the relevance to the organization. The basic principle is to exploit the current IT communications by letting loose the electronic information that is present today on record and presenting the data as information to create serious business decisions. The IT task should turn out to be more important during the creation of business strategies. Relevance of the strategic configuration structure in categorizing a way of change    It is significant to identify that the assortment of an approach to increase tactic and plans over and over again enforce diverse point of view (Morton, 1991). The managerial team must guarantee that it has selected the right approach. Strategic supervision progression should be viewed as vibrant and uninterrupted. In addition, executives should regularly revise their planning process. The preparation process must constantly adapt to guarantee that over time an effective IT strategy, business strategy and communications process is attained. There entail 3 foremost steps concerned with the application of the strategic framework: categorizing the original field turn around and outlook, therefore fitting the technique to the viewing and establishing the approach to be embraced. Identifying the initial field revolve and outlook In   this concept, the competitive potential ,technology potential, service level and the strategy execution are focused upon in order to come up with a more concrete approach in the execution of this process. Competitive potential The approach focuses on how IT strategy view will be able to reflect how technology influences new business strategies, therefore creating new competitive advantage. This is a management process that considers how IT may be applied to enhance business strategy and that results in the transformation of the organizational infrastructure. Two well documented examples of companies that have exploited the use of IT for competitive advantage are American Hospital Supply (Automated System for Analytical Purchasing-ASAP, an electronic order entry, order tracking and supplies management) and American Airlines, INC. (computerized reservation system).This method is based on Porter’s concept of competitive strategy and value analysis. IT strategy methods are effective for competitive potential entailing a tight link to business transformation. Technology potential Here the focus is on establishing strategic fit for IT .Here IT is used to enable new business strategies. Executives must understand both the technology market as the strengths and weaknesses of their own internal IT infrastructure. Two familiar examples of companies that incorporate technology to assemble the business strategy are Otis Elevator, Inc. and Frito –Lay, Inc.(Product marketing and delivery).There is a tight link to business transformation here and rapid prototyping techniques are very effective (Henderson and Venkatraman 1993). Service level Strategic management is here a process of deciding how to respond to the wants and needs of a customer. Company decisions such as the one Eastman Kodak Company made to subcontract its data centre operations are well-documented results of an enterprise IT domination decision. There is a tight link to the formation of organization architectures and obtaining and putting into practice scientific plans for system management and network management Strategy execution The strategy recognizes the need to look down from the top and recognize the critical areas for the achievement of the business. Development is implementing to sustain those areas. There is not always IT influence the business strategies here. The move toward is smart for the reason that it recognizes that systems must be developed with strong link to the business strategy and that IT strategy is based on future needs. For example, Google search provider. Establishing the direction We must establish the direction for using our strategy. It should be continuously balance between internal and external factors, business, and IT organizations. Historically, IT has been considered a support function (Henderson and Venkatraman 1993).   The enterprise should recognize and exploit the capabilities of IT to positively affect business and competitive forces. Establishing harmony between IT and business policy should be incorporated as a key fraction of organization development for the enterprise. Without the managerial structure and position of interior progression that reveal the interdependence of the business with IT, the enterprise will not be able to apply innovative opportunities available from IT (Henry, 1996). The importance is to make IT an important constituent of the business and the course of action that sustain the business. It is up to every administrator to take advantage of the information and experience accessible as the business go on board towards being sustainable and highly competitive from improved technology. RESUME Leadership in Organizations    Gary YUKL of New York in Albany is a Professor of Management and Leadership at the State University .I would like to use a review of his book as reference for my resume of this study. His book Leadership the Organizations has a specific focus on managerial leadership in large organizations and it shows the importance of a leader for research methods within the company especially through its transformation process ( chapter 7 Gary Yuki†¦) The question of how the power is won or lost, and how much power a leader should have are shown in this book, as well as traits and skills approach. Here we can find the important five personality traits, such as: surgency delicacy agreeableness adjustment intelligence All these traits are very relevant to successful leadership and the most important would be: stress tolerance, self confidence, internal control orientation, emotional maturity and integrity. This shows to us that the human factor is one of the most important and relevant variables that are directly influencing the transition process of change in a company and its further growth. One of the most important and difficult responsibilities of a leader is leading change an aspect that is a major factor in its contribution. Yuki suggests in the end of his book that what is missing are mediating variables necessary to explains leadership functions for enhancing processes and organizational change and effectiveness (Gary 1981). Bibliography Davis and Davidson, (1991) 2020 Vision Transforms Your Business Today to Succeed in Tomorrow’s Economy,Simon Schuster: New York J.C. Gary Yuki, (1981) Leadership in Organizations,. 7: 10- 15 partly refereeing Henderson and Venkatraman V, (1993) Strategic Alignment : Leveraging Information Technology for Transforming Organizations, IBM System Journal 32, No: 1,4-16 ). Henry . P, (1996) Belongings and modernism in the worldwide Information communications network, 996 U. Chi. Legal F. 261 Morton S., (1991) The Business of the 1990’s in embracing I T and executive conversion: Oxford University Press,